/*
 * Copyright (C) 2009-2022 Lightbend Inc. <https://www.lightbend.com>
 */

package akka.util

import java.io.{ ObjectInputStream, ObjectOutputStream }
import java.lang.{ Iterable => JIterable }
import java.nio.{ ByteBuffer, ByteOrder }
import java.nio.charset.{ Charset, StandardCharsets }
import java.util.Base64

import scala.annotation.{ tailrec, varargs }
import scala.collection.{ immutable, mutable }
import scala.collection.immutable.{ IndexedSeq, IndexedSeqOps, StrictOptimizedSeqOps, VectorBuilder }
import scala.collection.mutable.{ Builder, WrappedArray }
import scala.reflect.ClassTag

import scala.annotation.nowarn

object ByteString {

  /**
   * Creates a new ByteString by copying a byte array.
   */
  def apply(bytes: Array[Byte]): ByteString = CompactByteString(bytes)

  /**
   * Creates a new ByteString by copying bytes.
   */
  def apply(bytes: Byte*): ByteString = CompactByteString(bytes: _*)

  /**
   * Creates a new ByteString by iterating over bytes.
   */
  def apply(bytes: IterableOnce[Byte]): ByteString = CompactByteString(bytes)

  /**
   * Creates a new ByteString by converting from integral numbers to bytes.
   */
  def apply[T](bytes: T*)(implicit num: Integral[T]): ByteString =
    CompactByteString(bytes: _*)(num)

  /**
   * Creates a new ByteString by copying bytes from a ByteBuffer.
   */
  def apply(bytes: ByteBuffer): ByteString = CompactByteString(bytes)

  /**
   * Creates a new ByteString by encoding a String as UTF-8.
   */
  def apply(string: String): ByteString = apply(string, StandardCharsets.UTF_8)

  /**
   * Creates a new ByteString by encoding a String with a charset.
   */
  def apply(string: String, charset: String): ByteString = CompactByteString(string, charset)

  /**
   * Creates a new ByteString by encoding a String with a charset.
   */
  def apply(string: String, charset: Charset): ByteString = CompactByteString(string, charset)

  /**
   * Creates a new ByteString by copying a byte array.
   */
  def fromArray(array: Array[Byte]): ByteString = apply(array)

  /**
   * Unsafe API: Use only in situations you are completely confident that this is what
   * you need, and that you understand the implications documented below.
   *
   * Creates a ByteString without copying the passed in byte array, unlike other factory
   * methods defined on ByteString. This method of creating a ByteString saves one array
   * copy and allocation and therefore can lead to better performance, however it also means
   * that one MUST NOT modify the passed in array, or unexpected immutable data structure
   * contract-breaking behavior will manifest itself.
   *
   * This API is intended for users who have obtained an byte array from some other API, and
   * want wrap it into an ByteArray, and from there on only use that reference (the ByteString)
   * to operate on the wrapped data. For all other intents and purposes, please use the usual
   * apply and create methods - which provide the immutability guarantees by copying the array.
   *
   */
  def fromArrayUnsafe(array: Array[Byte]): ByteString = ByteString1C(array)

  /**
   * Creates a new ByteString by copying length bytes starting at offset from
   * an Array.
   */
  def fromArray(array: Array[Byte], offset: Int, length: Int): ByteString =
    CompactByteString.fromArray(array, offset, length)

  /**
   * Unsafe API: Use only in situations you are completely confident that this is what
   * you need, and that you understand the implications documented below.
   *
   * Creates a ByteString without copying the passed in byte array, unlike other factory
   * methods defined on ByteString. This method of creating a ByteString saves one array
   * copy and allocation and therefore can lead to better performance, however it also means
   * that one MUST NOT modify the passed in array, or unexpected immutable data structure
   * contract-breaking behavior will manifest itself.
   *
   * This API is intended for users who have obtained an byte array from some other API, and
   * want wrap it into an ByteArray, and from there on only use that reference (the ByteString)
   * to operate on the wrapped data. For all other intents and purposes, please use the usual
   * apply and create methods - which provide the immutability guarantees by copying the array.
   *
   */
  def fromArrayUnsafe(array: Array[Byte], offset: Int, length: Int): ByteString = ByteString1(array, offset, length)

  /**
   * JAVA API
   * Creates a new ByteString by copying an int array by converting from integral numbers to bytes.
   */
  @varargs
  def fromInts(array: Int*): ByteString =
    apply(array: _*)(scala.math.Numeric.IntIsIntegral)

  /**
   * Creates a new ByteString which will contain the UTF-8 representation of the given String
   */
  def fromString(string: String): ByteString = apply(string)

  /**
   * Creates a new ByteString which will contain the representation of the given String in the given charset
   */
  def fromString(string: String, charset: String): ByteString = apply(string, charset)

  /**
   * Creates a new ByteString which will contain the representation of the given String in the given charset
   */
  def fromString(string: String, charset: Charset): ByteString = apply(string, charset)

  /**
   * Standard "UTF-8" charset
   */
  val UTF_8: String = StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name()

  /**
   * Creates a new ByteString by copying bytes out of a ByteBuffer.
   */
  def fromByteBuffer(buffer: ByteBuffer): ByteString = apply(buffer)

  val empty: ByteString = ByteString1C.empty

  /** Java API */
  def emptyByteString: ByteString = empty

  def newBuilder: ByteStringBuilder = new ByteStringBuilder

  /** Java API */
  def createBuilder: ByteStringBuilder = new ByteStringBuilder

  // implicit val canBuildFrom: CanBuildFrom[TraversableOnce[Byte], Byte, ByteString] =
  //   new CanBuildFrom[TraversableOnce[Byte], Byte, ByteString] {
  //     override def apply(ignore: TraversableOnce[Byte]): ByteStringBuilder = new ByteStringBuilder
  //   }

  private[akka] object ByteString1C extends Companion {
    val empty = new ByteString1C(Array.emptyByteArray)

    def fromString(s: String): ByteString1C = new ByteString1C(s.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8))
    def apply(bytes: Array[Byte]): ByteString1C = new ByteString1C(bytes)
    val SerializationIdentity = 1.toByte

    def readFromInputStream(is: ObjectInputStream): ByteString1C = {
      val length = is.readInt()
      val arr = new Array[Byte](length)
      is.readFully(arr, 0, length)
      ByteString1C(arr)
    }
  }

  /**
   * A compact (unsliced) and unfragmented ByteString, implementation of ByteString1C.
   */
  @SerialVersionUID(3956956327691936932L)
  final class ByteString1C private (private val bytes: Array[Byte]) extends CompactByteString {
    def apply(idx: Int): Byte = bytes(idx)

    override def length: Int = bytes.length

    // Avoid `iterator` in performance sensitive code, call ops directly on ByteString instead
    override def iterator: ByteIterator.ByteArrayIterator = ByteIterator.ByteArrayIterator(bytes, 0, bytes.length)

    /** INTERNAL API */
    private[akka] def toByteString1: ByteString1 = ByteString1(bytes, 0, bytes.length)

    /** INTERNAL API */
    private[akka] def byteStringCompanion = ByteString1C

    override def asByteBuffer: ByteBuffer = toByteString1.asByteBuffer

    override def asByteBuffers: scala.collection.immutable.Iterable[ByteBuffer] = List(asByteBuffer)

    override def decodeString(charset: String): String =
      if (isEmpty) "" else new String(bytes, charset)

    override def decodeString(charset: Charset): String =
      if (isEmpty) "" else new String(bytes, charset)

    override def decodeBase64: ByteString =
      if (isEmpty) this else ByteString1C(Base64.getDecoder.decode(bytes))

    override def encodeBase64: ByteString =
      if (isEmpty) this else ByteString1C(Base64.getEncoder.encode(bytes))

    override def ++(that: ByteString): ByteString = {
      if (that.isEmpty) this
      else if (this.isEmpty) that
      else toByteString1 ++ that
    }

    override def take(n: Int): ByteString =
      if (n <= 0) ByteString.empty
      else if (n >= length) this
      else toByteString1.take(n)

    override def dropRight(n: Int): ByteString =
      if (n <= 0) this
      else toByteString1.dropRight(n)

    override def drop(n: Int): ByteString =
      if (n <= 0) this
      else toByteString1.drop(n)

    override def indexOf[B >: Byte](elem: B, from: Int): Int = {
      if (from >= length) -1
      else {
        var found = -1
        var i = math.max(from, 0)
        while (i < length && found == -1) {
          if (bytes(i) == elem) found = i
          i += 1
        }
        found
      }
    }

    override def slice(from: Int, until: Int): ByteString =
      if (from <= 0 && until >= length) this
      else if (from >= length || until <= 0 || from >= until) ByteString.empty
      else toByteString1.slice(from, until)

    private[akka] override def writeToOutputStream(os: ObjectOutputStream): Unit =
      toByteString1.writeToOutputStream(os)

    override def copyToBuffer(buffer: ByteBuffer): Int =
      writeToBuffer(buffer, offset = 0)

    /** INTERNAL API: Specialized for internal use, writing multiple ByteString1C into the same ByteBuffer. */
    private[akka] def writeToBuffer(buffer: ByteBuffer, offset: Int): Int = {
      val copyLength = Math.min(buffer.remaining, offset + length)
      if (copyLength > 0) {
        buffer.put(bytes, offset, copyLength)
      }
      copyLength
    }

    /** INTERNAL API: Specialized for internal use, appending ByteString1C to a ByteStringBuilder. */
    private[akka] def appendToBuilder(buffer: ByteStringBuilder) = {
      buffer.putByteArrayUnsafe(bytes)
    }

    override def copyToArray[B >: Byte](dest: Array[B], start: Int, len: Int): Int = {
      val toCopy = math.min(math.min(len, bytes.length), dest.length - start)
      if (toCopy > 0) {
        Array.copy(bytes, 0, dest, start, toCopy)
      }
      toCopy
    }

    override def toArrayUnsafe(): Array[Byte] = bytes
  }

  /** INTERNAL API: ByteString backed by exactly one array, with start / end markers */
  private[akka] object ByteString1 extends Companion {
    val empty: ByteString1 = new ByteString1(Array.emptyByteArray, 0, 0)
    def fromString(s: String): ByteString1 = apply(s.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8))
    def apply(bytes: Array[Byte]): ByteString1 = apply(bytes, 0, bytes.length)
    def apply(bytes: Array[Byte], startIndex: Int, length: Int): ByteString1 =
      if (length == 0) empty
      else new ByteString1(bytes, Math.max(0, startIndex), Math.max(0, length))

    val SerializationIdentity = 0.toByte

    def readFromInputStream(is: ObjectInputStream): ByteString1 =
      ByteString1C.readFromInputStream(is).toByteString1
  }

  /**
   * An unfragmented ByteString.
   */
  final class ByteString1 private (private val bytes: Array[Byte], private val startIndex: Int, val length: Int)
      extends ByteString
      with Serializable {

    def apply(idx: Int): Byte = bytes(checkRangeConvert(idx))

    // Avoid `iterator` in performance sensitive code, call ops directly on ByteString instead
    override def iterator: ByteIterator.ByteArrayIterator =
      ByteIterator.ByteArrayIterator(bytes, startIndex, startIndex + length)

    private def checkRangeConvert(index: Int): Int = {
      if (0 <= index && length > index)
        index + startIndex
      else
        throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(index.toString)
    }

    private[akka] def writeToOutputStream(os: ObjectOutputStream): Unit = {
      os.writeInt(length)
      os.write(bytes, startIndex, length)
    }

    def isCompact: Boolean = (length == bytes.length)

    private[akka] def byteStringCompanion = ByteString1

    override def dropRight(n: Int): ByteString =
      dropRight1(n)

    /** INTERNAL API */
    private[akka] def dropRight1(n: Int): ByteString1 =
      if (n <= 0) this
      else if (length - n <= 0) ByteString1.empty
      else new ByteString1(bytes, startIndex, length - n)

    override def drop(n: Int): ByteString =
      if (n <= 0) this else drop1(n)

    /** INTERNAL API */
    private[akka] def drop1(n: Int): ByteString1 = {
      val nextStartIndex = startIndex + n
      if (nextStartIndex >= bytes.length) ByteString1.empty
      else ByteString1(bytes, nextStartIndex, length - n)
    }

    override def take(n: Int): ByteString =
      if (n <= 0) ByteString.empty else take1(n)

    private[akka] def take1(n: Int): ByteString1 =
      if (n >= length) this
      else ByteString1(bytes, startIndex, n)

    override def slice(from: Int, until: Int): ByteString =
      drop(from).take(until - Math.max(0, from))

    override def copyToBuffer(buffer: ByteBuffer): Int =
      writeToBuffer(buffer)

    /** INTERNAL API: Specialized for internal use, writing multiple ByteString1C into the same ByteBuffer. */
    private[akka] def writeToBuffer(buffer: ByteBuffer): Int = {
      val copyLength = Math.min(buffer.remaining, length)
      if (copyLength > 0) {
        buffer.put(bytes, startIndex, copyLength)
      }
      copyLength
    }

    def compact: CompactByteString =
      if (isCompact) ByteString1C(bytes) else ByteString1C(toArray)

    def asByteBuffer: ByteBuffer = {
      val buffer = ByteBuffer.wrap(bytes, startIndex, length).asReadOnlyBuffer
      if (buffer.remaining < bytes.length) buffer.slice
      else buffer
    }

    def asByteBuffers: scala.collection.immutable.Iterable[ByteBuffer] = List(asByteBuffer)

    override def decodeString(charset: String): String =
      if (isEmpty) ""
      else new String(bytes, startIndex, length, charset)

    override def decodeString(charset: Charset): String = // avoids Charset.forName lookup in String internals
      if (isEmpty) ""
      else new String(bytes, startIndex, length, charset)

    override def decodeBase64: ByteString =
      if (isEmpty) this
      else if (isCompact) ByteString1C(Base64.getDecoder.decode(bytes))
      else {
        val dst = Base64.getDecoder.decode(ByteBuffer.wrap(bytes, startIndex, length))
        if (dst.hasArray) {
          if (dst.array.length == dst.remaining) ByteString1C(dst.array)
          else ByteString1(dst.array, dst.arrayOffset + dst.position(), dst.remaining)
        } else CompactByteString(dst)
      }

    override def encodeBase64: ByteString =
      if (isEmpty) this
      else if (isCompact) ByteString1C(Base64.getEncoder.encode(bytes))
      else {
        val dst = Base64.getEncoder.encode(ByteBuffer.wrap(bytes, startIndex, length))
        if (dst.hasArray) {
          if (dst.array.length == dst.remaining) ByteString1C(dst.array)
          else ByteString1(dst.array, dst.arrayOffset + dst.position(), dst.remaining)
        } else CompactByteString(dst)
      }

    def ++(that: ByteString): ByteString = {
      if (that.isEmpty) this
      else if (this.isEmpty) that
      else
        that match {
          case b: ByteString1C => ByteStrings(this, b.toByteString1)
          case b: ByteString1 =>
            if ((bytes eq b.bytes) && (startIndex + length == b.startIndex))
              new ByteString1(bytes, startIndex, length + b.length)
            else ByteStrings(this, b)
          case bs: ByteStrings => ByteStrings(this, bs)
        }
    }

    override def indexOf[B >: Byte](elem: B, from: Int): Int = {
      if (from >= length) -1
      else {
        var found = -1
        var i = math.max(from, 0)
        while (i < length && found == -1) {
          if (bytes(startIndex + i) == elem) found = i
          i += 1
        }
        found
      }
    }

    override def copyToArray[B >: Byte](dest: Array[B], start: Int, len: Int): Int = {
      // min of the bytes available to copy, bytes there is room for in dest and the requested number of bytes
      val toCopy = math.min(math.min(len, length), dest.length - start)
      if (toCopy > 0) {
        Array.copy(bytes, startIndex, dest, start, toCopy)
      }
      toCopy
    }

    protected def writeReplace(): AnyRef = new SerializationProxy(this)

    override def toArrayUnsafe(): Array[Byte] = {
      if (startIndex == 0 && length == bytes.length) bytes
      else toArray
    }
  }

  private[akka] object ByteStrings extends Companion {
    def apply(bytestrings: Vector[ByteString1]): ByteString =
      new ByteStrings(bytestrings, bytestrings.foldLeft(0)(_ + _.length))

    def apply(bytestrings: Vector[ByteString1], length: Int): ByteString = new ByteStrings(bytestrings, length)

    def apply(b1: ByteString1, b2: ByteString1): ByteString = compare(b1, b2) match {
      case 3 => new ByteStrings(Vector(b1, b2), b1.length + b2.length)
      case 2 => b2
      case 1 => b1
      case 0 => ByteString.empty
    }

    def apply(b: ByteString1, bs: ByteStrings): ByteString = compare(b, bs) match {
      case 3 => new ByteStrings(b +: bs.bytestrings, bs.length + b.length)
      case 2 => bs
      case 1 => b
      case 0 => ByteString.empty
    }

    def apply(bs: ByteStrings, b: ByteString1): ByteString = compare(bs, b) match {
      case 3 => new ByteStrings(bs.bytestrings :+ b, bs.length + b.length)
      case 2 => b
      case 1 => bs
      case 0 => ByteString.empty
    }

    def apply(bs1: ByteStrings, bs2: ByteStrings): ByteString = compare(bs1, bs2) match {
      case 3 => new ByteStrings(bs1.bytestrings ++ bs2.bytestrings, bs1.length + bs2.length)
      case 2 => bs2
      case 1 => bs1
      case 0 => ByteString.empty
    }

    // 0: both empty, 1: 2nd empty, 2: 1st empty, 3: neither empty
    def compare(b1: ByteString, b2: ByteString): Int =
      if (b1.isEmpty)
        if (b2.isEmpty) 0 else 2
      else if (b2.isEmpty) 1
      else 3

    val SerializationIdentity = 2.toByte

    def readFromInputStream(is: ObjectInputStream): ByteStrings = {
      val nByteStrings = is.readInt()

      val builder = new VectorBuilder[ByteString1]
      var length = 0

      builder.sizeHint(nByteStrings)

      for (_ <- 0 until nByteStrings) {
        val bs = ByteString1.readFromInputStream(is)
        builder += bs
        length += bs.length
      }

      new ByteStrings(builder.result(), length)
    }
  }

  /**
   * A ByteString with 2 or more fragments.
   */
  final class ByteStrings private (private[akka] val bytestrings: Vector[ByteString1], val length: Int)
      extends ByteString
      with Serializable {
    if (bytestrings.isEmpty) throw new IllegalArgumentException("bytestrings must not be empty")
    if (bytestrings.head.isEmpty) throw new IllegalArgumentException("bytestrings.head must not be empty")

    def apply(idx: Int): Byte = {
      if (0 <= idx && idx < length) {
        var pos = 0
        var seen = 0
        var frag = bytestrings(pos)
        while (idx >= seen + frag.length) {
          seen += frag.length
          pos += 1
          frag = bytestrings(pos)
        }
        frag(idx - seen)
      } else throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(idx.toString)
    }

    /** Avoid `iterator` in performance sensitive code, call ops directly on ByteString instead */
    override def iterator: ByteIterator.MultiByteArrayIterator =
      ByteIterator.MultiByteArrayIterator(bytestrings.to(LazyList).map { _.iterator })

    def ++(that: ByteString): ByteString = {
      if (that.isEmpty) this
      else if (this.isEmpty) that
      else
        that match {
          case b: ByteString1C => ByteStrings(this, b.toByteString1)
          case b: ByteString1  => ByteStrings(this, b)
          case bs: ByteStrings => ByteStrings(this, bs)
        }
    }

    private[akka] def byteStringCompanion = ByteStrings

    def isCompact: Boolean = if (bytestrings.length == 1) bytestrings.head.isCompact else false

    override def copyToBuffer(buffer: ByteBuffer): Int = {
      @tailrec def copyItToTheBuffer(buffer: ByteBuffer, i: Int, written: Int): Int =
        if (i < bytestrings.length) copyItToTheBuffer(buffer, i + 1, written + bytestrings(i).writeToBuffer(buffer))
        else written

      copyItToTheBuffer(buffer, 0, 0)
    }

    def compact: CompactByteString = {
      if (isCompact) bytestrings.head.compact
      else {
        val ar = new Array[Byte](length)
        var pos = 0
        bytestrings.foreach { b =>
          b.copyToArray(ar, pos, b.length)
          pos += b.length
        }
        ByteString1C(ar)
      }
    }

    def asByteBuffer: ByteBuffer = compact.asByteBuffer

    def asByteBuffers: scala.collection.immutable.Iterable[ByteBuffer] = bytestrings.map { _.asByteBuffer }

    def decodeString(charset: String): String = compact.decodeString(charset)

    def decodeString(charset: Charset): String = compact.decodeString(charset)

    override def decodeBase64: ByteString = compact.decodeBase64

    override def encodeBase64: ByteString = compact.encodeBase64

    private[akka] def writeToOutputStream(os: ObjectOutputStream): Unit = {
      os.writeInt(bytestrings.length)
      bytestrings.foreach(_.writeToOutputStream(os))
    }

    override def take(n: Int): ByteString =
      if (n <= 0) ByteString.empty
      else if (n >= length) this
      else take0(n)

    private[akka] def take0(n: Int): ByteString = {
      @tailrec def go(last: Int, restToTake: Int): (Int, Int) = {
        val bs = bytestrings(last)
        if (bs.length > restToTake) (last, restToTake)
        else go(last + 1, restToTake - bs.length)
      }

      val (last, restToTake) = go(0, n)

      if (last == 0) bytestrings(last).take(restToTake)
      else if (restToTake == 0) new ByteStrings(bytestrings.take(last), n)
      else new ByteStrings(bytestrings.take(last) :+ bytestrings(last).take1(restToTake), n)
    }

    override def dropRight(n: Int): ByteString =
      if (0 < n && n < length) dropRight0(n)
      else if (n >= length) ByteString.empty
      else this

    private def dropRight0(n: Int): ByteString = {
      val byteStringsSize = bytestrings.length
      @tailrec def dropRightWithFullDropsAndRemainig(fullDrops: Int, remainingToDrop: Int): ByteString = {
        val bs = bytestrings(byteStringsSize - fullDrops - 1)
        if (bs.length > remainingToDrop) {
          if (fullDrops == byteStringsSize - 1)
            bytestrings(0).dropRight(remainingToDrop)
          else if (remainingToDrop == 0)
            new ByteStrings(bytestrings.dropRight(fullDrops), length - n)
          else
            new ByteStrings(
              bytestrings.dropRight(fullDrops + 1) :+ bytestrings(byteStringsSize - fullDrops - 1)
                .dropRight1(remainingToDrop),
              length - n)
        } else {
          dropRightWithFullDropsAndRemainig(fullDrops + 1, remainingToDrop - bs.length)
        }
      }

      dropRightWithFullDropsAndRemainig(0, n)
    }

    override def slice(from: Int, until: Int): ByteString =
      if (from <= 0 && until >= length) this
      else if (from > length || until <= from) ByteString.empty
      else drop(from).dropRight(length - until)

    override def drop(n: Int): ByteString =
      if (n <= 0) this
      else if (n >= length) ByteString.empty
      else drop0(n)

    private def drop0(n: Int): ByteString = {
      // impl note: could be optimised a bit by using VectorIterator instead,
      //            however then we're forced to call .toVector which halfs performance
      //            We can work around that, as there's a Scala private method "remainingVector" which is fast,
      //            but let's not go into calling private APIs here just yet.
      @tailrec def findSplit(fullDrops: Int, remainingToDrop: Int): (Int, Int) = {
        val bs = bytestrings(fullDrops)
        if (bs.length > remainingToDrop) (fullDrops, remainingToDrop)
        else findSplit(fullDrops + 1, remainingToDrop - bs.length)
      }

      val (fullDrops, remainingToDrop) = findSplit(0, n)

      if (remainingToDrop == 0)
        new ByteStrings(bytestrings.drop(fullDrops), length - n)
      else if (fullDrops == bytestrings.length - 1)
        bytestrings(fullDrops).drop(remainingToDrop)
      else
        new ByteStrings(bytestrings(fullDrops).drop1(remainingToDrop) +: bytestrings.drop(fullDrops + 1), length - n)
    }

    override def indexOf[B >: Byte](elem: B, from: Int): Int = {
      if (from >= length) -1
      else {
        val byteStringsSize = bytestrings.size

        @tailrec
        def find(bsIdx: Int, relativeIndex: Int, bytesPassed: Int): Int = {
          if (bsIdx >= byteStringsSize) -1
          else {
            val bs = bytestrings(bsIdx)

            if (bs.length <= relativeIndex) {
              find(bsIdx + 1, relativeIndex - bs.length, bytesPassed + bs.length)
            } else {
              val subIndexOf = bs.indexOf(elem, relativeIndex)
              if (subIndexOf < 0) {
                val nextString = bsIdx + 1
                find(nextString, relativeIndex - bs.length, bytesPassed + bs.length)
              } else subIndexOf + bytesPassed
            }
          }
        }

        find(0, math.max(from, 0), 0)
      }
    }

    override def copyToArray[B >: Byte](dest: Array[B], start: Int, len: Int): Int = {
      if (bytestrings.size == 1) bytestrings.head.copyToArray(dest, start, len)
      else {
        // min of the bytes available to copy, bytes there is room for in dest and the requested number of bytes
        val totalToCopy = math.min(math.min(len, length), dest.length - start)
        if (totalToCopy > 0) {
          val bsIterator = bytestrings.iterator
          var copied = 0
          while (copied < totalToCopy) {
            val current = bsIterator.next()
            copied += current.copyToArray(dest, start + copied, totalToCopy - copied)
          }
        }
        totalToCopy
      }
    }

    protected def writeReplace(): AnyRef = new SerializationProxy(this)
  }

  @SerialVersionUID(1L)
  private class SerializationProxy(@transient private var orig: ByteString) extends Serializable {
    private def writeObject(out: ObjectOutputStream): Unit = {
      out.writeByte(orig.byteStringCompanion.SerializationIdentity)
      orig.writeToOutputStream(out)
    }

    private def readObject(in: ObjectInputStream): Unit = {
      val serializationId = in.readByte()

      orig = Companion(from = serializationId).readFromInputStream(in)
    }

    private def readResolve(): AnyRef = orig
  }

  private[akka] object Companion {
    private val companionMap = Seq(ByteString1, ByteString1C, ByteStrings)
      .map(x => x.SerializationIdentity -> x)
      .toMap
      .withDefault(x => throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid serialization id " + x))

    def apply(from: Byte): Companion = companionMap(from)
  }

  private[akka] sealed trait Companion {
    def SerializationIdentity: Byte
    def readFromInputStream(is: ObjectInputStream): ByteString
  }
}

/**
 * A rope-like immutable data structure containing bytes.
 * The goal of this structure is to reduce copying of arrays
 * when concatenating and slicing sequences of bytes,
 * and also providing a thread safe way of working with bytes.
 *
 * TODO: Add performance characteristics
 */
sealed abstract class ByteString
    extends IndexedSeq[Byte]
    with IndexedSeqOps[Byte, IndexedSeq, ByteString]
    with StrictOptimizedSeqOps[Byte, IndexedSeq, ByteString] {

  override protected def fromSpecific(coll: IterableOnce[Byte]): ByteString = ByteString(coll)
  override protected def newSpecificBuilder: mutable.Builder[Byte, ByteString] = ByteString.newBuilder
  override def empty: ByteString = ByteString.empty

  def apply(idx: Int): Byte
  private[akka] def byteStringCompanion: ByteString.Companion
  // override so that toString will also be `ByteString(...)` for the concrete subclasses
  // of ByteString which changed for Scala 2.12, see https://github.com/akka/akka/issues/21774
  override final def className: String = "ByteString"

  override def isEmpty: Boolean = length == 0

  // override protected[this] def newBuilder: ByteStringBuilder = ByteString.newBuilder

  // *must* be overridden by derived classes. This construction is necessary
  // to specialize the return type, as the method is already implemented in
  // a parent trait.
  //
  // Avoid `iterator` in performance sensitive code, call ops directly on ByteString instead
  override def iterator: ByteIterator =
    throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Method iterator is not implemented in ByteString")

  override def head: Byte = apply(0)
  override def tail: ByteString = drop(1)
  override def last: Byte = apply(length - 1)
  override def init: ByteString = dropRight(1)

  // *must* be overridden by derived classes.
  override def take(n: Int): ByteString =
    throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Method take is not implemented in ByteString")
  override def takeRight(n: Int): ByteString = slice(length - n, length)

  // these methods are optimized in derived classes utilising the maximum knowlage about data layout available to them:
  // *must* be overridden by derived classes.
  override def slice(from: Int, until: Int): ByteString =
    throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Method slice is not implemented in ByteString")

  // *must* be overridden by derived classes.
  override def drop(n: Int): ByteString =
    throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Method drop is not implemented in ByteString")

  // *must* be overridden by derived classes.
  override def dropRight(n: Int): ByteString =
    throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Method dropRight is not implemented in ByteString")

  override def takeWhile(p: Byte => Boolean): ByteString = iterator.takeWhile(p).toByteString
  override def dropWhile(p: Byte => Boolean): ByteString = iterator.dropWhile(p).toByteString
  override def span(p: Byte => Boolean): (ByteString, ByteString) = {
    val (a, b) = iterator.span(p); (a.toByteString, b.toByteString)
  }

  override def splitAt(n: Int): (ByteString, ByteString) = (take(n), drop(n))

  override def indexWhere(p: Byte => Boolean, from: Int): Int = iterator.indexWhere(p, from)

  // optimized in subclasses
  override def indexOf[B >: Byte](elem: B, from: Int): Int = indexOf(elem, from)

  override def grouped(size: Int): Iterator[ByteString] = {
    if (size <= 0) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException(s"size=$size must be positive")
    }

    Iterator.iterate(this)(_.drop(size)).takeWhile(_.nonEmpty).map(_.take(size))
  }

  override def toString(): String = {
    val maxSize = 100
    if (size > maxSize)
      take(maxSize).toString + s"... and [${size - maxSize}] more"
    else
      super.toString
  }

  /**
   * Java API: copy this ByteString into a fresh byte array
   *
   * @return this ByteString copied into a byte array
   */
  protected[ByteString] def toArray: Array[Byte] = toArray[Byte]

  final override def toArray[B >: Byte](implicit arg0: ClassTag[B]): Array[B] = {
    // super uses byteiterator
    val array = new Array[B](size)
    copyToArray(array, 0, size)
    array
  }

  final override def copyToArray[B >: Byte](xs: Array[B], start: Int): Int = {
    // super uses byteiterator
    copyToArray(xs, start, size.min(xs.size))
  }

  // optimized in all subclasses, avoiding usage of the iterator to save allocations/transformations
  override def copyToArray[B >: Byte](xs: Array[B], start: Int, len: Int): Int =
    throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Method copyToArray is not implemented in ByteString")

  /**
   * Unsafe API: Use only in situations you are completely confident that this is what
   * you need, and that you understand the implications documented below.
   *
   * If the ByteString is backed by a single array it is returned without any copy. If it is backed by a rope
   * of multiple ByteString instances a new array will be allocated and the contents will be copied
   * into it before returning it.
   *
   * This method of exposing the bytes of a ByteString can save one array
   * copy and allocation in the happy path scenario which can lead to better performance,
   * however it also means that one MUST NOT modify the returned array, or unexpected
   * immutable data structure contract-breaking behavior will manifest itself.
   *
   * This API is intended for users who need to pass the byte array to some other API, which will
   * only read the bytes and never mutate then. For all other intents and purposes, please use the usual
   * toArray method - which provide the immutability guarantees by copying the backing array.
   */
  def toArrayUnsafe(): Array[Byte] = toArray

  override def foreach[@specialized U](f: Byte => U): Unit = iterator.foreach(f)

  private[akka] def writeToOutputStream(os: ObjectOutputStream): Unit

  /**
   * Efficiently concatenate another ByteString.
   */
  def ++(that: ByteString): ByteString

  /**
   * Java API: efficiently concatenate another ByteString.
   */
  def concat(that: ByteString): ByteString = this ++ that

  /**
   * Copy as many bytes as possible to a ByteBuffer, starting from it's
   * current position. This method will not overflow the buffer.
   *
   * @param buffer a ByteBuffer to copy bytes to
   * @return the number of bytes actually copied
   */
  def copyToBuffer(@unused buffer: ByteBuffer): Int

  /**
   * Create a new ByteString with all contents compacted into a single,
   * full byte array.
   * If isCompact returns true, compact is an O(1) operation, but
   * might return a different object with an optimized implementation.
   */
  def compact: CompactByteString

  /**
   * Check whether this ByteString is compact in memory.
   * If the ByteString is compact, it might, however, not be represented
   * by an object that takes full advantage of that fact. Use compact to
   * get such an object.
   */
  def isCompact: Boolean

  /**
   * Returns a read-only ByteBuffer that directly wraps this ByteString
   * if it is not fragmented.
   */
  def asByteBuffer: ByteBuffer

  /**
   * Scala API: Returns an immutable Iterable of read-only ByteBuffers that directly wraps this ByteStrings
   * all fragments. Will always have at least one entry.
   */
  def asByteBuffers: immutable.Iterable[ByteBuffer]

  /**
   * Java API: Returns an Iterable of read-only ByteBuffers that directly wraps this ByteStrings
   * all fragments. Will always have at least one entry.
   */
  @nowarn
  def getByteBuffers(): JIterable[ByteBuffer] = {
    import scala.collection.JavaConverters.asJavaIterableConverter
    asByteBuffers.asJava
  }

  /**
   * Creates a new ByteBuffer with a copy of all bytes contained in this
   * ByteString.
   */
  def toByteBuffer: ByteBuffer = ByteBuffer.wrap(toArray)

  /**
   * Decodes this ByteString as a UTF-8 encoded String.
   */
  final def utf8String: String = decodeString(StandardCharsets.UTF_8)

  /**
   * Decodes this ByteString using a charset to produce a String.
   * If you have a [[Charset]] instance available, use `decodeString(charset: java.nio.charset.Charset` instead.
   */
  def decodeString(charset: String): String

  /**
   * Decodes this ByteString using a charset to produce a String.
   * Avoids Charset.forName lookup in String internals, thus is preferable to `decodeString(charset: String)`.
   */
  def decodeString(charset: Charset): String

  /*
   * Returns a ByteString which is the binary representation of this ByteString
   * if this ByteString is Base64-encoded.
   */
  def decodeBase64: ByteString

  /**
   * Returns a ByteString which is the Base64 representation of this ByteString
   */
  def encodeBase64: ByteString

  /**
   * map method that will automatically cast Int back into Byte.
   */
  final def mapI(f: Byte => Int): ByteString = map(f.andThen(_.toByte))

  def map[A](f: Byte => Byte): ByteString = fromSpecific(super.map(f))
}

object CompactByteString {

  /**
   * Creates a new CompactByteString by copying a byte array.
   */
  def apply(bytes: Array[Byte]): CompactByteString =
    if (bytes.isEmpty) empty else ByteString.ByteString1C(bytes.clone)

  /**
   * Creates a new CompactByteString by copying bytes.
   */
  def apply(bytes: Byte*): CompactByteString = {
    if (bytes.isEmpty) empty
    else {
      val ar = new Array[Byte](bytes.size)
      bytes.copyToArray(ar)
      ByteString.ByteString1C(ar)
    }
  }

  /**
   * Creates a new CompactByteString by traversing bytes.
   */
  def apply(bytes: IterableOnce[Byte]): CompactByteString = {
    val it = bytes.iterator
    if (it.isEmpty) empty
    else ByteString.ByteString1C(it.toArray)
  }

  /**
   * Creates a new CompactByteString by converting from integral numbers to bytes.
   */
  def apply[T](bytes: T*)(implicit num: Integral[T]): CompactByteString = {
    if (bytes.isEmpty) empty
    else ByteString.ByteString1C(bytes.iterator.map(x => num.toInt(x).toByte).to(Array))
  }

  /**
   * Creates a new CompactByteString by copying bytes from a ByteBuffer.
   */
  def apply(bytes: ByteBuffer): CompactByteString = {
    if (bytes.remaining < 1) empty
    else {
      val ar = new Array[Byte](bytes.remaining)
      bytes.get(ar)
      ByteString.ByteString1C(ar)
    }
  }

  /**
   * Creates a new CompactByteString by encoding a String as UTF-8.
   */
  def apply(string: String): CompactByteString = apply(string, StandardCharsets.UTF_8)

  /**
   * Creates a new CompactByteString by encoding a String with a charset.
   */
  def apply(string: String, charset: String): CompactByteString =
    if (string.isEmpty) empty else ByteString.ByteString1C(string.getBytes(charset))

  /**
   * Creates a new CompactByteString by encoding a String with a charset.
   */
  def apply(string: String, charset: Charset): CompactByteString =
    if (string.isEmpty) empty else ByteString.ByteString1C(string.getBytes(charset))

  /**
   * Creates a new CompactByteString by copying length bytes starting at offset from
   * an Array.
   */
  def fromArray(array: Array[Byte], offset: Int, length: Int): CompactByteString = {
    val copyOffset = Math.max(offset, 0)
    val copyLength = Math.max(Math.min(array.length - copyOffset, length), 0)
    if (copyLength == 0) empty
    else {
      val copyArray = new Array[Byte](copyLength)
      Array.copy(array, copyOffset, copyArray, 0, copyLength)
      ByteString.ByteString1C(copyArray)
    }
  }

  val empty: CompactByteString = ByteString.ByteString1C.empty
}

/**
 * A compact ByteString.
 *
 * The ByteString is guarantied to be contiguous in memory and to use only
 * as much memory as required for its contents.
 */
sealed abstract class CompactByteString extends ByteString with Serializable {
  def isCompact: Boolean = true
  def compact: this.type = this
}

/**
 * A mutable builder for efficiently creating a [[akka.util.ByteString]].
 *
 * The created ByteString is not automatically compacted.
 */
final class ByteStringBuilder extends Builder[Byte, ByteString] {
  builder =>

  import ByteString.{ ByteString1, ByteString1C, ByteStrings }
  private var _length: Int = 0
  private val _builder: VectorBuilder[ByteString1] = new VectorBuilder[ByteString1]()
  private var _temp: Array[Byte] = _
  private var _tempLength: Int = 0
  private var _tempCapacity: Int = 0

  protected def fillArray(len: Int)(fill: (Array[Byte], Int) => Unit): this.type = {
    ensureTempSize(_tempLength + len)
    fill(_temp, _tempLength)
    _tempLength += len
    _length += len
    this
  }

  @inline protected final def fillByteBuffer(len: Int, byteOrder: ByteOrder)(fill: ByteBuffer => Unit): this.type = {
    fillArray(len) {
      case (array, start) =>
        val buffer = ByteBuffer.wrap(array, start, len)
        buffer.order(byteOrder)
        fill(buffer)
    }
  }

  def length: Int = _length

  override def sizeHint(len: Int): Unit = {
    resizeTemp(len - (_length - _tempLength))
  }

  private def clearTemp(): Unit = {
    if (_tempLength > 0) {
      val arr = new Array[Byte](_tempLength)
      Array.copy(_temp, 0, arr, 0, _tempLength)
      _builder += ByteString1(arr)
      _tempLength = 0
    }
  }

  private def resizeTemp(size: Int): Unit = {
    val newtemp = new Array[Byte](size)
    if (_tempLength > 0) Array.copy(_temp, 0, newtemp, 0, _tempLength)
    _temp = newtemp
    _tempCapacity = _temp.length
  }

  @inline private def shouldResizeTempFor(size: Int): Boolean = _tempCapacity < size || _tempCapacity == 0

  private def ensureTempSize(size: Int): Unit = {
    if (shouldResizeTempFor(size)) {
      var newSize = if (_tempCapacity == 0) 16 else _tempCapacity * 2
      while (newSize < size) newSize *= 2
      resizeTemp(newSize)
    }
  }

  // We'd really like to have this overload to prevent boxing, but it's forbidden because sc.mutable.Growable makes
  // it final. I guess it assumes to prevent the boxing overhead by using @inline but that doesn't seem to be true.
  // def +=(elem: Byte): this.type = addOne(elem)

  override def addOne(elem: Byte): this.type = {
    ensureTempSize(_tempLength + 1)
    _temp(_tempLength) = elem
    _tempLength += 1
    _length += 1
    this
  }

  def ++=(bytes: ByteString): this.type = addAll(bytes)
  def addAll(bytes: ByteString): this.type = {
    if (bytes.nonEmpty) {
      clearTemp()
      bytes match {
        case b: ByteString1C =>
          _builder += b.toByteString1
          _length += b.length
        case b: ByteString1 =>
          _builder += b
          _length += b.length
        case bs: ByteStrings =>
          _builder ++= bs.bytestrings
          _length += bs.length
      }
    }
    this
  }

  override def addAll(xs: IterableOnce[Byte]): this.type = {
    xs match {
      case bs: ByteString => addAll(bs)
      case xs: WrappedArray.ofByte =>
        if (xs.nonEmpty) putByteArrayUnsafe(xs.array.clone)
      case seq: collection.IndexedSeq[Byte] if shouldResizeTempFor(seq.length) =>
        if (seq.nonEmpty) {
          val copied = Array.from(xs)

          clearTemp()
          _builder += ByteString.ByteString1(copied)
          _length += seq.length
        }
      case seq: collection.IndexedSeq[Byte] =>
        if (seq.nonEmpty) {
          ensureTempSize(_tempLength + seq.size)
          seq.copyToArray(_temp, _tempLength)
          _tempLength += seq.length
          _length += seq.length
        }
      case _ =>
        super.++=(xs)
    }
    this
  }

  private[akka] def putByteArrayUnsafe(xs: Array[Byte]): this.type = {
    clearTemp()
    _builder += ByteString1(xs)
    _length += xs.length
    this
  }

  /**
   * Java API: append a ByteString to this builder.
   */
  def append(bs: ByteString): this.type = if (bs.isEmpty) this else this ++= bs

  /**
   * Add a single Byte to this builder.
   */
  def putByte(x: Byte): this.type = this += x

  /**
   * Add a single Short to this builder.
   */
  def putShort(x: Int)(implicit byteOrder: ByteOrder): this.type = {
    if (byteOrder == ByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN) {
      this += (x >>> 8).toByte
      this += (x >>> 0).toByte
    } else if (byteOrder == ByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN) {
      this += (x >>> 0).toByte
      this += (x >>> 8).toByte
    } else throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unknown byte order " + byteOrder)
  }

  /**
   * Add a single Int to this builder.
   */
  def putInt(x: Int)(implicit byteOrder: ByteOrder): this.type = {
    fillArray(4) { (target, offset) =>
      if (byteOrder == ByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN) {
        target(offset + 0) = (x >>> 24).toByte
        target(offset + 1) = (x >>> 16).toByte
        target(offset + 2) = (x >>> 8).toByte
        target(offset + 3) = (x >>> 0).toByte
      } else if (byteOrder == ByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN) {
        target(offset + 0) = (x >>> 0).toByte
        target(offset + 1) = (x >>> 8).toByte
        target(offset + 2) = (x >>> 16).toByte
        target(offset + 3) = (x >>> 24).toByte
      } else throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unknown byte order " + byteOrder)
    }
    this
  }

  /**
   * Add a single Long to this builder.
   */
  def putLong(x: Long)(implicit byteOrder: ByteOrder): this.type = {
    fillArray(8) { (target, offset) =>
      if (byteOrder == ByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN) {
        target(offset + 0) = (x >>> 56).toByte
        target(offset + 1) = (x >>> 48).toByte
        target(offset + 2) = (x >>> 40).toByte
        target(offset + 3) = (x >>> 32).toByte
        target(offset + 4) = (x >>> 24).toByte
        target(offset + 5) = (x >>> 16).toByte
        target(offset + 6) = (x >>> 8).toByte
        target(offset + 7) = (x >>> 0).toByte
      } else if (byteOrder == ByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN) {
        target(offset + 0) = (x >>> 0).toByte
        target(offset + 1) = (x >>> 8).toByte
        target(offset + 2) = (x >>> 16).toByte
        target(offset + 3) = (x >>> 24).toByte
        target(offset + 4) = (x >>> 32).toByte
        target(offset + 5) = (x >>> 40).toByte
        target(offset + 6) = (x >>> 48).toByte
        target(offset + 7) = (x >>> 56).toByte
      } else throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unknown byte order " + byteOrder)
    }
    this
  }

  /**
   * Add the `n` least significant bytes of the given Long to this builder.
   */
  def putLongPart(x: Long, n: Int)(implicit byteOrder: ByteOrder): this.type = {
    fillArray(n) { (target, offset) =>
      if (byteOrder == ByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN) {
        val start = n * 8 - 8
        (0 until n).foreach { i =>
          target(offset + i) = (x >>> start - 8 * i).toByte
        }
      } else if (byteOrder == ByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN) {
        (0 until n).foreach { i =>
          target(offset + i) = (x >>> 8 * i).toByte
        }
      } else throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unknown byte order " + byteOrder)
    }
  }

  /**
   * Add a single Float to this builder.
   */
  def putFloat(x: Float)(implicit byteOrder: ByteOrder): this.type =
    putInt(java.lang.Float.floatToRawIntBits(x))(byteOrder)

  /**
   * Add a single Double to this builder.
   */
  def putDouble(x: Double)(implicit byteOrder: ByteOrder): this.type =
    putLong(java.lang.Double.doubleToRawLongBits(x))(byteOrder)

  /**
   * Add a number of Bytes from an array to this builder.
   */
  def putBytes(array: Array[Byte]): this.type =
    putBytes(array, 0, array.length)

  /**
   * Add a number of Bytes from an array to this builder.
   */
  def putBytes(array: Array[Byte], start: Int, len: Int): this.type =
    fillArray(len) { case (target, targetOffset) => Array.copy(array, start, target, targetOffset, len) }

  /**
   * Add a number of Shorts from an array to this builder.
   */
  def putShorts(array: Array[Short])(implicit byteOrder: ByteOrder): this.type =
    putShorts(array, 0, array.length)(byteOrder)

  /**
   * Add a number of Shorts from an array to this builder.
   */
  def putShorts(array: Array[Short], start: Int, len: Int)(implicit byteOrder: ByteOrder): this.type =
    fillByteBuffer(len * 2, byteOrder) { _.asShortBuffer.put(array, start, len) }

  /**
   * Add a number of Ints from an array to this builder.
   */
  def putInts(array: Array[Int])(implicit byteOrder: ByteOrder): this.type =
    putInts(array, 0, array.length)(byteOrder)

  /**
   * Add a number of Ints from an array to this builder.
   */
  def putInts(array: Array[Int], start: Int, len: Int)(implicit byteOrder: ByteOrder): this.type =
    fillByteBuffer(len * 4, byteOrder) { _.asIntBuffer.put(array, start, len) }

  /**
   * Add a number of Longs from an array to this builder.
   */
  def putLongs(array: Array[Long])(implicit byteOrder: ByteOrder): this.type =
    putLongs(array, 0, array.length)(byteOrder)

  /**
   * Add a number of Longs from an array to this builder.
   */
  def putLongs(array: Array[Long], start: Int, len: Int)(implicit byteOrder: ByteOrder): this.type =
    fillByteBuffer(len * 8, byteOrder) { _.asLongBuffer.put(array, start, len) }

  /**
   * Add a number of Floats from an array to this builder.
   */
  def putFloats(array: Array[Float])(implicit byteOrder: ByteOrder): this.type =
    putFloats(array, 0, array.length)(byteOrder)

  /**
   * Add a number of Floats from an array to this builder.
   */
  def putFloats(array: Array[Float], start: Int, len: Int)(implicit byteOrder: ByteOrder): this.type =
    fillByteBuffer(len * 4, byteOrder) { _.asFloatBuffer.put(array, start, len) }

  /**
   * Add a number of Doubles from an array to this builder.
   */
  def putDoubles(array: Array[Double])(implicit byteOrder: ByteOrder): this.type =
    putDoubles(array, 0, array.length)(byteOrder)

  /**
   * Add a number of Doubles from an array to this builder.
   */
  def putDoubles(array: Array[Double], start: Int, len: Int)(implicit byteOrder: ByteOrder): this.type =
    fillByteBuffer(len * 8, byteOrder) { _.asDoubleBuffer.put(array, start, len) }

  def clear(): Unit = {
    _builder.clear()
    _length = 0
    _tempLength = 0
  }

  def result(): ByteString =
    if (_length == 0) ByteString.empty
    else {
      clearTemp()
      val bytestrings = _builder.result()
      if (bytestrings.size == 1)
        bytestrings.head
      else
        ByteStrings(bytestrings, _length)
    }

  /**
   * Directly wraps this ByteStringBuilder in an OutputStream. Write
   * operations on the stream are forwarded to the builder.
   */
  def asOutputStream: java.io.OutputStream = new java.io.OutputStream {
    def write(b: Int): Unit = builder += b.toByte

    override def write(b: Array[Byte], off: Int, len: Int): Unit = { builder.putBytes(b, off, len) }
  }

  /**
   * Tests whether this ByteStringBuilder is empty.
   */
  def isEmpty: Boolean = _length == 0

  /**
   * Tests whether this ByteStringBuilder is not empty.
   */
  def nonEmpty: Boolean = _length > 0
}