diff --git a/akka-actor-tests/src/test/scala/akka/actor/ActorRefSpec.scala b/akka-actor-tests/src/test/scala/akka/actor/ActorRefSpec.scala
index e8c667bc7e..bec066d97a 100644
--- a/akka-actor-tests/src/test/scala/akka/actor/ActorRefSpec.scala
+++ b/akka-actor-tests/src/test/scala/akka/actor/ActorRefSpec.scala
@@ -393,7 +393,7 @@ class ActorRefSpec extends AkkaSpec with DefaultTimeout {
               override def postRestart(reason: Throwable) = latch.countDown()
             }))
 
-          protected def receive = { case "sendKill" ⇒ ref ! Kill }
+          def receive = { case "sendKill" ⇒ ref ! Kill }
         }))
 
         boss ! "sendKill"
diff --git a/akka-actor-tests/src/test/scala/akka/actor/ActorWithStashSpec.scala b/akka-actor-tests/src/test/scala/akka/actor/ActorWithStashSpec.scala
index c516a17a42..524913b01d 100644
--- a/akka-actor-tests/src/test/scala/akka/actor/ActorWithStashSpec.scala
+++ b/akka-actor-tests/src/test/scala/akka/actor/ActorWithStashSpec.scala
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ class ActorWithStashSpec extends AkkaSpec(ActorWithStashSpec.testConf) with Defa
       val hasMsgLatch = new TestLatch
 
       val slaveProps = myProps(new Actor with Stash {
-        protected def receive = {
+        def receive = {
           case "crash" ⇒
             throw new Exception("Crashing...")
 
diff --git a/akka-actor-tests/src/test/scala/akka/actor/FSMActorSpec.scala b/akka-actor-tests/src/test/scala/akka/actor/FSMActorSpec.scala
index ef49cbc18d..cc98a23f1f 100644
--- a/akka-actor-tests/src/test/scala/akka/actor/FSMActorSpec.scala
+++ b/akka-actor-tests/src/test/scala/akka/actor/FSMActorSpec.scala
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ class FSMActorSpec extends AkkaSpec(Map("akka.actor.debug.fsm" -> true)) with Im
       object Hello
       object Bye
       val tester = system.actorOf(Props(new Actor {
-        protected def receive = {
+        def receive = {
           case Hello   ⇒ lock ! "hello"
           case "world" ⇒ answerLatch.open
           case Bye     ⇒ lock ! "bye"
diff --git a/akka-actor-tests/src/test/scala/akka/actor/ReceiveTimeoutSpec.scala b/akka-actor-tests/src/test/scala/akka/actor/ReceiveTimeoutSpec.scala
index dc08df1c98..09fe9c103f 100644
--- a/akka-actor-tests/src/test/scala/akka/actor/ReceiveTimeoutSpec.scala
+++ b/akka-actor-tests/src/test/scala/akka/actor/ReceiveTimeoutSpec.scala
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class ReceiveTimeoutSpec extends AkkaSpec {
       val timeoutActor = system.actorOf(Props(new Actor {
         context.setReceiveTimeout(500 milliseconds)
 
-        protected def receive = {
+        def receive = {
           case ReceiveTimeout ⇒ timeoutLatch.open
         }
       }))
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class ReceiveTimeoutSpec extends AkkaSpec {
       val timeoutActor = system.actorOf(Props(new Actor {
         context.setReceiveTimeout(500 milliseconds)
 
-        protected def receive = {
+        def receive = {
           case Tick           ⇒ ()
           case ReceiveTimeout ⇒ timeoutLatch.open
         }
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ class ReceiveTimeoutSpec extends AkkaSpec {
       val timeoutActor = system.actorOf(Props(new Actor {
         context.setReceiveTimeout(500 milliseconds)
 
-        protected def receive = {
+        def receive = {
           case Tick ⇒ ()
           case ReceiveTimeout ⇒
             count.incrementAndGet
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ class ReceiveTimeoutSpec extends AkkaSpec {
       val timeoutLatch = TestLatch()
 
       val timeoutActor = system.actorOf(Props(new Actor {
-        protected def receive = {
+        def receive = {
           case ReceiveTimeout ⇒ timeoutLatch.open
         }
       }))
diff --git a/akka-actor-tests/src/test/scala/akka/actor/RestartStrategySpec.scala b/akka-actor-tests/src/test/scala/akka/actor/RestartStrategySpec.scala
index 829ab081e0..8d114bc396 100644
--- a/akka-actor-tests/src/test/scala/akka/actor/RestartStrategySpec.scala
+++ b/akka-actor-tests/src/test/scala/akka/actor/RestartStrategySpec.scala
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class RestartStrategySpec extends AkkaSpec with DefaultTimeout {
 
       val slaveProps = Props(new Actor {
 
-        protected def receive = {
+        def receive = {
           case Ping  ⇒ countDownLatch.countDown()
           case Crash ⇒ throw new Exception("Crashing...")
         }
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ class RestartStrategySpec extends AkkaSpec with DefaultTimeout {
 
       val slaveProps = Props(new Actor {
 
-        protected def receive = {
+        def receive = {
           case Crash ⇒ throw new Exception("Crashing...")
         }
 
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ class RestartStrategySpec extends AkkaSpec with DefaultTimeout {
 
       val slaveProps = Props(new Actor {
 
-        protected def receive = {
+        def receive = {
           case Ping ⇒
             if (!pingLatch.isOpen) pingLatch.open else secondPingLatch.open
           case Crash ⇒ throw new Exception("Crashing...")
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ class RestartStrategySpec extends AkkaSpec with DefaultTimeout {
 
       val slaveProps = Props(new Actor {
 
-        protected def receive = {
+        def receive = {
           case Ping  ⇒ countDownLatch.countDown()
           case Crash ⇒ throw new Exception("Crashing...")
         }
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ class RestartStrategySpec extends AkkaSpec with DefaultTimeout {
 
       val slaveProps = Props(new Actor {
 
-        protected def receive = {
+        def receive = {
           case Ping  ⇒ countDownLatch.countDown()
           case Crash ⇒ throw new Exception("Crashing...")
         }
diff --git a/akka-actor-tests/src/test/scala/akka/actor/SupervisorHierarchySpec.scala b/akka-actor-tests/src/test/scala/akka/actor/SupervisorHierarchySpec.scala
index a04e83f39b..62752d8052 100644
--- a/akka-actor-tests/src/test/scala/akka/actor/SupervisorHierarchySpec.scala
+++ b/akka-actor-tests/src/test/scala/akka/actor/SupervisorHierarchySpec.scala
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ object SupervisorHierarchySpec {
    */
   class CountDownActor(countDown: CountDownLatch, override val supervisorStrategy: SupervisorStrategy) extends Actor {
 
-    protected def receive = {
+    def receive = {
       case p: Props ⇒ sender ! context.actorOf(p)
     }
     // test relies on keeping children around during restart
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ class SupervisorHierarchySpec extends AkkaSpec with DefaultTimeout {
 
         val crasher = context.watch(context.actorOf(Props(new CountDownActor(countDownMessages, SupervisorStrategy.defaultStrategy))))
 
-        protected def receive = {
+        def receive = {
           case "killCrasher" ⇒ crasher ! Kill
           case Terminated(_) ⇒ countDownMax.countDown()
         }
diff --git a/akka-actor-tests/src/test/scala/akka/actor/SupervisorMiscSpec.scala b/akka-actor-tests/src/test/scala/akka/actor/SupervisorMiscSpec.scala
index 92af540a9a..197e749d2e 100644
--- a/akka-actor-tests/src/test/scala/akka/actor/SupervisorMiscSpec.scala
+++ b/akka-actor-tests/src/test/scala/akka/actor/SupervisorMiscSpec.scala
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class SupervisorMiscSpec extends AkkaSpec(SupervisorMiscSpec.config) with Defaul
 
         val workerProps = Props(new Actor {
           override def postRestart(cause: Throwable) { countDownLatch.countDown() }
-          protected def receive = {
+          def receive = {
             case "status" ⇒ this.sender ! "OK"
             case _        ⇒ this.context.stop(self)
           }
diff --git a/akka-actor-tests/src/test/scala/akka/actor/dispatch/ActorModelSpec.scala b/akka-actor-tests/src/test/scala/akka/actor/dispatch/ActorModelSpec.scala
index 88358e9f16..854a562745 100644
--- a/akka-actor-tests/src/test/scala/akka/actor/dispatch/ActorModelSpec.scala
+++ b/akka-actor-tests/src/test/scala/akka/actor/dispatch/ActorModelSpec.scala
@@ -400,9 +400,9 @@ abstract class ActorModelSpec(config: String) extends AkkaSpec(config) with Defa
         val a = newTestActor(dispatcher.id)
         val f1 = a ? Reply("foo")
         val f2 = a ? Reply("bar")
-        val f3 = try { a ? Interrupt } catch { case ie: InterruptedException ⇒ Promise.failed(ActorInterruptedException(ie)) }
+        val f3 = try { a ? Interrupt } catch { case ie: InterruptedException ⇒ Promise.failed(new ActorInterruptedException(ie)) }
         val f4 = a ? Reply("foo2")
-        val f5 = try { a ? Interrupt } catch { case ie: InterruptedException ⇒ Promise.failed(ActorInterruptedException(ie)) }
+        val f5 = try { a ? Interrupt } catch { case ie: InterruptedException ⇒ Promise.failed(new ActorInterruptedException(ie)) }
         val f6 = a ? Reply("bar2")
 
         assert(Await.result(f1, timeout.duration) === "foo")
diff --git a/akka-actor/src/main/scala/akka/actor/Actor.scala b/akka-actor/src/main/scala/akka/actor/Actor.scala
index 7c020925eb..b26da76ff2 100644
--- a/akka-actor/src/main/scala/akka/actor/Actor.scala
+++ b/akka-actor/src/main/scala/akka/actor/Actor.scala
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ case class DeathPactException private[akka] (dead: ActorRef)
  * When an InterruptedException is thrown inside an Actor, it is wrapped as an ActorInterruptedException as to
  * avoid cascading interrupts to other threads than the originally interrupted one.
  */
-case class ActorInterruptedException private[akka] (cause: Throwable) extends AkkaException(cause.getMessage, cause) with NoStackTrace
+class ActorInterruptedException private[akka] (cause: Throwable) extends AkkaException(cause.getMessage, cause) with NoStackTrace
 
 /**
  * This message is published to the EventStream whenever an Actor receives a message it doesn't understand
@@ -173,6 +173,7 @@ object Status {
 
   /**
    * This class/message type is preferably used to indicate failure of some operation performed.
+   * As an example, it is used to signal failure with AskSupport is used (ask/?).
    */
   case class Failure(cause: Throwable) extends Status
 }
@@ -317,7 +318,7 @@ trait Actor {
    * This defines the initial actor behavior, it must return a partial function
    * with the actor logic.
    */
-  protected def receive: Receive
+  def receive: Receive
 
   /**
    * User overridable definition the strategy to use for supervising
@@ -377,45 +378,5 @@ trait Actor {
       case _                ⇒ context.system.eventStream.publish(UnhandledMessage(message, sender, self))
     }
   }
-
-  // =========================================
-  // ==== INTERNAL IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS ====
-  // =========================================
-
-  /**
-   * For Akka internal use only.
-   */
-  private[akka] final def apply(msg: Any) = {
-    //FIXME replace with behaviorStack.head.applyOrElse(msg, unhandled) + "-optimize"
-    val head = behaviorStack.head
-    if (head.isDefinedAt(msg)) head.apply(msg) else unhandled(msg)
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * For Akka internal use only.
-   */
-  private[akka] def pushBehavior(behavior: Receive): Unit = {
-    behaviorStack = behaviorStack.push(behavior)
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * For Akka internal use only.
-   */
-  private[akka] def popBehavior(): Unit = {
-    val original = behaviorStack
-    val popped = original.pop
-    behaviorStack = if (popped.isEmpty) original else popped
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * For Akka internal use only.
-   */
-  private[akka] def clearBehaviorStack(): Unit =
-    behaviorStack = Stack.empty[Receive].push(behaviorStack.last)
-
-  /**
-   * For Akka internal use only.
-   */
-  private var behaviorStack: Stack[Receive] = Stack.empty[Receive].push(receive)
 }
 
diff --git a/akka-actor/src/main/scala/akka/actor/ActorCell.scala b/akka-actor/src/main/scala/akka/actor/ActorCell.scala
index bd5342fec4..6a25ac04a9 100644
--- a/akka-actor/src/main/scala/akka/actor/ActorCell.scala
+++ b/akka-actor/src/main/scala/akka/actor/ActorCell.scala
@@ -409,6 +409,8 @@ private[akka] class ActorCell(
 
   var actor: Actor = _
 
+  private var behaviorStack: Stack[Actor.Receive] = Stack.empty
+
   @volatile //This must be volatile since it isn't protected by the mailbox status
   var mailbox: Mailbox = _
 
@@ -489,8 +491,7 @@ private[akka] class ActorCell(
 
   //This method is in charge of setting up the contextStack and create a new instance of the Actor
   protected def newActor(): Actor = {
-    val stackBefore = contextStack.get
-    contextStack.set(stackBefore.push(this))
+    contextStack.set(contextStack.get.push(this))
     try {
       val instance = props.creator()
 
@@ -511,6 +512,7 @@ private[akka] class ActorCell(
     def create(): Unit = if (isNormal) {
       try {
         val created = newActor()
+        behaviorStack = Stack.empty.push(created.receive)
         actor = created
         created.preStart()
         checkReceiveTimeout
@@ -612,7 +614,7 @@ private[akka] class ActorCell(
     cancelReceiveTimeout() // FIXME: leave this here???
     messageHandle.message match {
       case msg: AutoReceivedMessage ⇒ autoReceiveMessage(messageHandle)
-      case msg                      ⇒ actor(msg)
+      case msg                      ⇒ receiveMessage(msg)
     }
     currentMessage = null // reset current message after successful invocation
   } catch {
@@ -628,14 +630,14 @@ private[akka] class ActorCell(
     if (actor ne null) actor.supervisorStrategy.handleSupervisorFailing(self, children)
   } finally {
     t match { // Wrap InterruptedExceptions and rethrow
-      case _: InterruptedException ⇒ parent.tell(Failed(ActorInterruptedException(t)), self); throw t
+      case _: InterruptedException ⇒ parent.tell(Failed(new ActorInterruptedException(t)), self); throw t
       case _                       ⇒ parent.tell(Failed(t), self)
     }
   }
 
   def become(behavior: Actor.Receive, discardOld: Boolean = true): Unit = {
     if (discardOld) unbecome()
-    actor.pushBehavior(behavior)
+    behaviorStack = behaviorStack.push(behavior)
   }
 
   /**
@@ -651,9 +653,13 @@ private[akka] class ActorCell(
     become(newReceive, discardOld)
   }
 
-  def unbecome(): Unit = actor.popBehavior()
+  def unbecome(): Unit = {
+    val original = behaviorStack
+    val popped = original.pop
+    behaviorStack = if (popped.isEmpty) original else popped
+  }
 
-  def autoReceiveMessage(msg: Envelope) {
+  def autoReceiveMessage(msg: Envelope): Unit = {
     if (system.settings.DebugAutoReceive)
       system.eventStream.publish(Debug(self.path.toString, clazz(actor), "received AutoReceiveMessage " + msg))
 
@@ -667,6 +673,12 @@ private[akka] class ActorCell(
     }
   }
 
+  final def receiveMessage(msg: Any): Unit = {
+    //FIXME replace with behaviorStack.head.applyOrElse(msg, unhandled) + "-optimize"
+    val head = behaviorStack.head
+    if (head.isDefinedAt(msg)) head.apply(msg) else actor.unhandled(msg)
+  }
+
   private def doTerminate() {
     val a = actor
     try {
@@ -682,7 +694,7 @@ private[akka] class ActorCell(
         if (system.settings.DebugLifecycle)
           system.eventStream.publish(Debug(self.path.toString, clazz(actor), "stopped"))
       } finally {
-        if (a ne null) a.clearBehaviorStack()
+        behaviorStack = Stack.empty
         clearActorFields(a)
         actor = null
       }
@@ -694,6 +706,7 @@ private[akka] class ActorCell(
     actor.supervisorStrategy.handleSupervisorRestarted(cause, self, children)
 
     val freshActor = newActor()
+    behaviorStack = Stack.empty.push(freshActor.receive)
     actor = freshActor // this must happen before postRestart has a chance to fail
     if (freshActor eq failedActor) setActorFields(freshActor, this, self) // If the creator returns the same instance, we need to restore our nulled out fields.
 
diff --git a/akka-actor/src/main/scala/akka/actor/ActorPath.scala b/akka-actor/src/main/scala/akka/actor/ActorPath.scala
index e8c277660f..aa93dbcc47 100644
--- a/akka-actor/src/main/scala/akka/actor/ActorPath.scala
+++ b/akka-actor/src/main/scala/akka/actor/ActorPath.scala
@@ -15,7 +15,9 @@ object ActorPath {
   }
 
   /**
-   * This Regular Expression is used to validate a path element (Actor Name)
+   * This Regular Expression is used to validate a path element (Actor Name).
+   * Since Actors form a tree, it is addressable using an URL, therefor an Actor Name has to conform to:
+   * http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt
    */
   val ElementRegex = """[-\w:@&=+,.!~*'_;][-\w:@&=+,.!~*'$_;]*""".r
 }
diff --git a/akka-actor/src/main/scala/akka/actor/ActorRef.scala b/akka-actor/src/main/scala/akka/actor/ActorRef.scala
index d0ad270957..46e3440f95 100644
--- a/akka-actor/src/main/scala/akka/actor/ActorRef.scala
+++ b/akka-actor/src/main/scala/akka/actor/ActorRef.scala
@@ -335,9 +335,10 @@ private[akka] class LocalActorRef private[akka] (
 
 /**
  * Memento pattern for serializing ActorRefs transparently
+ * INTERNAL API
  */
 //TODO add @SerialVersionUID(1L) when SI-4804 is fixed
-case class SerializedActorRef private (path: String) {
+private[akka] case class SerializedActorRef private (path: String) {
   import akka.serialization.JavaSerializer.currentSystem
 
   @throws(classOf[java.io.ObjectStreamException])
@@ -350,8 +351,11 @@ case class SerializedActorRef private (path: String) {
       someSystem.actorFor(path)
   }
 }
-//FIXME: Should SerializedActorRef be private[akka] ?
-object SerializedActorRef {
+
+/**
+ * INTERNAL API
+ */
+private[akka] object SerializedActorRef {
   def apply(path: ActorPath): SerializedActorRef = {
     Serialization.currentTransportAddress.value match {
       case null ⇒ new SerializedActorRef(path.toString)
diff --git a/akka-actor/src/main/scala/akka/actor/FSM.scala b/akka-actor/src/main/scala/akka/actor/FSM.scala
index 71d1ec7e69..762f23b16b 100644
--- a/akka-actor/src/main/scala/akka/actor/FSM.scala
+++ b/akka-actor/src/main/scala/akka/actor/FSM.scala
@@ -437,7 +437,7 @@ trait FSM[S, D] extends Listeners with ActorLogging {
    *       Main actor receive() method
    * *******************************************
    */
-  override final protected def receive: Receive = {
+  override final def receive: Receive = {
     case TimeoutMarker(gen) ⇒
       if (generation == gen) {
         processMsg(StateTimeout, "state timeout")
diff --git a/akka-actor/src/main/scala/akka/actor/FaultHandling.scala b/akka-actor/src/main/scala/akka/actor/FaultHandling.scala
index 383010f9de..8641153476 100644
--- a/akka-actor/src/main/scala/akka/actor/FaultHandling.scala
+++ b/akka-actor/src/main/scala/akka/actor/FaultHandling.scala
@@ -176,9 +176,10 @@ object SupervisorStrategy extends SupervisorStrategyLowPriorityImplicits {
   /**
    * Sort so that subtypes always precede their supertypes, but without
    * obeying any order between unrelated subtypes (insert sort).
+   *
+   * INTERNAL API
    */
-  //FIXME Should this really be public API?
-  def sort(in: Iterable[CauseDirective]): Seq[CauseDirective] =
+  private[akka] def sort(in: Iterable[CauseDirective]): Seq[CauseDirective] =
     (new ArrayBuffer[CauseDirective](in.size) /: in) { (buf, ca) ⇒
       buf.indexWhere(_._1 isAssignableFrom ca._1) match {
         case -1 ⇒ buf append ca
@@ -195,7 +196,7 @@ object SupervisorStrategy extends SupervisorStrategyLowPriorityImplicits {
 }
 
 /**
- * An Akka SupervisorStrategy is
+ * An Akka SupervisorStrategy is the policy to apply for crashing children
  */
 abstract class SupervisorStrategy {
 
diff --git a/akka-actor/src/main/scala/akka/actor/IO.scala b/akka-actor/src/main/scala/akka/actor/IO.scala
index 3ff91c4fa8..63eb2e4b3a 100644
--- a/akka-actor/src/main/scala/akka/actor/IO.scala
+++ b/akka-actor/src/main/scala/akka/actor/IO.scala
@@ -987,7 +987,7 @@ final class IOManagerActor extends Actor with ActorLogging {
     }
   }
 
-  protected def receive = {
+  def receive = {
     case Select ⇒
       select()
       if (running) self ! Select
diff --git a/akka-actor/src/main/scala/akka/actor/Scheduler.scala b/akka-actor/src/main/scala/akka/actor/Scheduler.scala
index 8ad3d8ee98..850cb02048 100644
--- a/akka-actor/src/main/scala/akka/actor/Scheduler.scala
+++ b/akka-actor/src/main/scala/akka/actor/Scheduler.scala
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ private[akka] class ContinuousCancellable extends AtomicReference[HWTimeout](Con
 
   def isCancelled(): Boolean = get match {
     case null ⇒ true
-    case some ⇒ isCancelled()
+    case some ⇒ some.isCancelled()
   }
 
   def cancel(): Unit =
diff --git a/akka-actor/src/main/scala/akka/actor/UntypedActor.scala b/akka-actor/src/main/scala/akka/actor/UntypedActor.scala
index c56a2a0167..9420ab84cc 100644
--- a/akka-actor/src/main/scala/akka/actor/UntypedActor.scala
+++ b/akka-actor/src/main/scala/akka/actor/UntypedActor.scala
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ abstract class UntypedActor extends Actor {
    */
   override def postRestart(reason: Throwable): Unit = super.postRestart(reason)
 
-  final protected def receive = { case msg ⇒ onReceive(msg) }
+  final def receive = { case msg ⇒ onReceive(msg) }
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/akka-camel/src/main/scala/akka/camel/Producer.scala b/akka-camel/src/main/scala/akka/camel/Producer.scala
index 80537fda12..33541d4611 100644
--- a/akka-camel/src/main/scala/akka/camel/Producer.scala
+++ b/akka-camel/src/main/scala/akka/camel/Producer.scala
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ trait Producer extends ProducerSupport { this: Actor ⇒
    * Default implementation of Actor.receive. Any messages received by this actors
    * will be produced to the endpoint specified by <code>endpointUri</code>.
    */
-  protected def receive = produce
+  def receive = produce
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/akka-camel/src/main/scala/akka/camelexamples/ExamplesSupport.scala b/akka-camel/src/main/scala/akka/camelexamples/ExamplesSupport.scala
index 3e35b8c7c9..df5b0e5508 100644
--- a/akka-camel/src/main/scala/akka/camelexamples/ExamplesSupport.scala
+++ b/akka-camel/src/main/scala/akka/camelexamples/ExamplesSupport.scala
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ private[camelexamples] class SysOutConsumer extends Consumer {
   override def activationTimeout = 10 seconds
   def endpointUri = "file://data/input/CamelConsumer"
 
-  protected def receive = {
+  def receive = {
     case msg: CamelMessage ⇒ {
       printf("Received '%s'\n", msg.bodyAs[String])
     }
@@ -30,12 +30,12 @@ private[camelexamples] class TroubleMaker extends Consumer {
   def endpointUri = "WRONG URI"
 
   println("Trying to instantiate conumer with uri: " + endpointUri)
-  protected def receive = { case _ ⇒ }
+  def receive = { case _ ⇒ }
 }
 
 private[camelexamples] class SysOutActor(implicit camel: Camel) extends Actor {
   implicit val camelContext = camel.context
-  protected def receive = {
+  def receive = {
     case msg: CamelMessage ⇒ {
       printf("Received '%s'\n", msg.bodyAs[String])
     }
diff --git a/akka-camel/src/main/scala/akka/camelexamples/_2_SupervisedConsumers.scala b/akka-camel/src/main/scala/akka/camelexamples/_2_SupervisedConsumers.scala
index 5d321b28db..cdf46f012f 100644
--- a/akka-camel/src/main/scala/akka/camelexamples/_2_SupervisedConsumers.scala
+++ b/akka-camel/src/main/scala/akka/camelexamples/_2_SupervisedConsumers.scala
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ private[camelexamples] object SupervisedConsumersExample extends App {
 
   system.actorOf(Props(new Actor {
     context.watch(context.actorOf(Props[EndpointManager]))
-    protected def receive = {
+    def receive = {
       case Terminated(ref) ⇒ system.shutdown()
     }
   }))
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ private[camelexamples] class EndpointManager extends Actor {
   watch(actorOf(Props[SysOutConsumer]))
   watch(actorOf(Props[TroubleMaker]))
 
-  protected def receive = {
+  def receive = {
     case Terminated(ref) ⇒ {
       printf("Hey! One of the endpoints has died: %s. I am doing sepuku...\n", ref)
       self ! PoisonPill
diff --git a/akka-camel/src/test/scala/akka/camel/ProducerFeatureTest.scala b/akka-camel/src/test/scala/akka/camel/ProducerFeatureTest.scala
index cef098b8fe..a7e5b9e4cb 100644
--- a/akka-camel/src/test/scala/akka/camel/ProducerFeatureTest.scala
+++ b/akka-camel/src/test/scala/akka/camel/ProducerFeatureTest.scala
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ object ProducerFeatureTest {
   }
 
   class TestResponder extends Actor {
-    protected def receive = {
+    def receive = {
       case msg: CamelMessage ⇒ msg.body match {
         case "fail" ⇒ context.sender ! akka.actor.Status.Failure(new AkkaCamelException(new Exception("failure"), msg.headers))
         case _ ⇒
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ object ProducerFeatureTest {
   }
 
   class ReplyingForwardTarget extends Actor {
-    protected def receive = {
+    def receive = {
       case msg: CamelMessage ⇒
         context.sender ! (msg.addHeader("test" -> "result"))
       case msg: akka.actor.Status.Failure ⇒
diff --git a/akka-camel/src/test/scala/akka/camel/internal/component/ActorProducerTest.scala b/akka-camel/src/test/scala/akka/camel/internal/component/ActorProducerTest.scala
index 8146b17399..a0e153fd54 100644
--- a/akka-camel/src/test/scala/akka/camel/internal/component/ActorProducerTest.scala
+++ b/akka-camel/src/test/scala/akka/camel/internal/component/ActorProducerTest.scala
@@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ trait ActorProducerFixture extends MockitoSugar with BeforeAndAfterAll with Befo
   }
 
   def echoActor = system.actorOf(Props(new Actor {
-    protected def receive = {
+    def receive = {
       case msg ⇒ sender ! "received " + msg
     }
   }))
diff --git a/akka-docs/scala/actors.rst b/akka-docs/scala/actors.rst
index 5374c8a37c..9269c841f5 100644
--- a/akka-docs/scala/actors.rst
+++ b/akka-docs/scala/actors.rst
@@ -443,7 +443,7 @@ An Actor has to implement the ``receive`` method to receive messages:
 
 .. code-block:: scala
 
-  protected def receive: PartialFunction[Any, Unit]
+  def receive: PartialFunction[Any, Unit]
 
 Note: Akka has an alias to the ``PartialFunction[Any, Unit]`` type called
 ``Receive`` (``akka.actor.Actor.Receive``), so you can use this type instead for
diff --git a/akka-testkit/src/main/scala/akka/testkit/TestActorRef.scala b/akka-testkit/src/main/scala/akka/testkit/TestActorRef.scala
index 8a2f61bf76..0a5d6163e8 100644
--- a/akka-testkit/src/main/scala/akka/testkit/TestActorRef.scala
+++ b/akka-testkit/src/main/scala/akka/testkit/TestActorRef.scala
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class TestActorRef[T <: Actor](
    * thrown will be available to you, while still being able to use
    * become/unbecome.
    */
-  def receive(o: Any) { underlyingActor.apply(o) }
+  def receive(o: Any): Unit = underlying.receiveMessage(o)
 
   /**
    * Retrieve reference to the underlying actor, where the static type matches the factory used inside the
diff --git a/akka-zeromq/src/test/scala/akka/zeromq/ConcurrentSocketActorSpec.scala b/akka-zeromq/src/test/scala/akka/zeromq/ConcurrentSocketActorSpec.scala
index dcc456b544..fe0d715dba 100644
--- a/akka-zeromq/src/test/scala/akka/zeromq/ConcurrentSocketActorSpec.scala
+++ b/akka-zeromq/src/test/scala/akka/zeromq/ConcurrentSocketActorSpec.scala
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ class ConcurrentSocketActorSpec extends AkkaSpec {
       }
     }
 
-    protected def receive = {
+    def receive = {
       case _ ⇒
         val payload = "%s".format(messageNumber)
         messageNumber += 1
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